Key messages
- The status of Estonia’s freshwater resources is generally sufficient to meet the needs of the population and the economy, with exceptions in Viimsi municipality and the Ida-Viru region.
- The condition of Estonia’s surface water bodies has not improved — in 2023, only 52% were in good overall status.
- The status of groundwater bodies is generally good, with no significant negative trends detected in monitoring results.
- Agriculture and industry are the main factors affecting water quality, but the impacts of climate change must increasingly be taken into account.
Status
Surface water bodies are classified into flowing waters (rivers, streams, ditches, canals), standing waters (natural and artificial lakes), and coastal waters. To enable better assessment, they are divided into clearly distinguishable water bodies with uniform natural type, habitat, and human impact. In Estonia, there are a total of 744 surface water bodies: 635 flowing water bodies, 93 standing water bodies, and 16 coastal water bodies. The status of surface water bodies is assessed using data collected through the national environmental monitoring program, information from water use reports, other available data, and modelling. The overall status is determined based on the ecological status (e.g., fish fauna, macrophytes, macroinvertebrates) and the chemical status (e.g., heavy metals and pesticides), with the lower of the two determining the final classification.
To enable better assessment of groundwater body status, they are divided into parts—distinct water masses within one or more groundwater layers. Estonia has 31 groundwater bodies, whose status is assessed based on data collected through national monitoring.
The status of a groundwater body is evaluated according to chemical and quantitative status. In assessing chemical status, it is ensured that the chemical composition of the groundwater does not exceed established threshold values and does not deteriorate the condition of groundwater-dependent surface water bodies. In assessing quantitative status, the balance between water abstraction and groundwater recharge is considered, and in coastal areas, saltwater intrusion into groundwater layers must be prevented. The overall status is determined based on both chemical and quantitative assessments, with the lower status prevailing.
Factors
In Estonia, the Pandivere and Adavere-Põltsamaa nitrate vulnerable zone (NVZ) has been designated, covering a total area of 3,250 km², which constitutes 7.2% of Estonia’s land area. The NVZ fully or partially includes 10 municipalities, comprising eight rural municipalities and two towns (Rakvere and Paide).
Pressure