Key messages
- Forest land covers approximately half of Estonia's land area, and its area changes have been small in recent decades.
- Tree species diversity is on the rise. The area of monoculture (single-species) forests is declining in both managed and unmanaged forests.
- The main factor affecting the condition of forests is their management, including logging.
- The presence of two generations of spruce bark beetles illustrates the impact of climate change on forests.
State
Estonian forestry statistics have been based on the Statistical Forest Inventory (SMI) since 2000, which is internationally recognized as the best method for collecting national forest data and making policy decisions. Explore SMI data here.
Comprehensive statistical overviews of forests and the forestry sector can be found in the annual report "Forest" (in Estonian).
Ecological status, in this approach, reflects the gradient of naturalness – the better the status, the higher the naturalness, which does not necessarily mean high economic value of the stand. Ecological connectivity, or the sufficient number and proximity of habitats to each other in the landscape, is necessary for species dispersal, population viability, and genetic diversity, as well as for supporting habitats in poorer condition. The connectivity assessments presented here indicate the proportion of forest communities (on a scale of 0 to 100%) within a 180 m (approximately 10 ha) radius around a specific location.
Driving forces
Pressures
? Do you know what clear-cutting is?
- Clear-cutting is a type of logging carried out to allow land use for purposes other than forestry, such as converting forest land into settlements or agricultural land.
Impacts
Responses
Starting from 2024, the methodology for calculating protected forest land has been changed. Previously, the calculation included protected reserves, special conservation zones, restricted zones, and protected areas. From 2024, the calculation now includes Natura 2000 forest habitats on state-owned land, Natura 2000 forest habitats in restricted zones and protected areas on private land, valuable habitats on state-owned land, valuable habitats under contract on private land, sites of species of the I protection category (plants, fungi, lichens), planned reserves and special conservation zones, sites of species of the II protection category (plants, fungi, lichens), remaining Natura 2000 habitats on state-owned land, coastal and shoreline restricted zones, planned restricted zones, and protected areas.
Areas marked with an asterisk (*) are under strict protection.